Evolution of Neuroglia
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Evolution of Neuroglia. / Verkhratsky, Alexei; Ho, Margaret S.; Parpura, Vladimir.
Neuroglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ed. / Alexei Verkhratsky; Margaret S. Ho; Robert Zorec; Vladimir Parpura. Springer, 2019. p. 15-44 (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 1175).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Book chapter › Research › peer-review
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TY - CHAP
T1 - Evolution of Neuroglia
AU - Verkhratsky, Alexei
AU - Ho, Margaret S.
AU - Parpura, Vladimir
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - As the nervous system evolved from the diffused to centralised form, the neurones were joined by the appearance of the supportive cells, the neuroglia. Arguably, these non-neuronal cells evolve into a more diversified cell family than the neurones are. The first ancestral neuroglia appeared in flatworms being mesenchymal in origin. In the nematode C. elegans proto-astrocytes/supportive glia of ectodermal origin emerged, albeit the ensheathment of axons by glial cells occurred later in prawns. The multilayered myelin occurred by convergent evolution of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in vertebrates above the jawless fishes. Nutritive partitioning of the brain from the rest of the body appeared in insects when the hemolymph-brain barrier, a predecessor of the blood-brain barrier was formed. The defensive cellular mechanism required specialisation of bona fide immune cells, microglia, a process that occurred in the nervous system of leeches, bivalves, snails, insects and above. In ascending phylogeny, new type of glial cells, such as scaffolding radial glia, appeared and as the bran sizes enlarged, the glia to neurone ratio increased. Humans possess some unique glial cells not seen in other animals.
AB - As the nervous system evolved from the diffused to centralised form, the neurones were joined by the appearance of the supportive cells, the neuroglia. Arguably, these non-neuronal cells evolve into a more diversified cell family than the neurones are. The first ancestral neuroglia appeared in flatworms being mesenchymal in origin. In the nematode C. elegans proto-astrocytes/supportive glia of ectodermal origin emerged, albeit the ensheathment of axons by glial cells occurred later in prawns. The multilayered myelin occurred by convergent evolution of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in vertebrates above the jawless fishes. Nutritive partitioning of the brain from the rest of the body appeared in insects when the hemolymph-brain barrier, a predecessor of the blood-brain barrier was formed. The defensive cellular mechanism required specialisation of bona fide immune cells, microglia, a process that occurred in the nervous system of leeches, bivalves, snails, insects and above. In ascending phylogeny, new type of glial cells, such as scaffolding radial glia, appeared and as the bran sizes enlarged, the glia to neurone ratio increased. Humans possess some unique glial cells not seen in other animals.
KW - Astrocytes
KW - Blood/haemolymph-brain barrier
KW - Brain size
KW - Complexity of glia
KW - Glia to neuron ratio
KW - Microglia
KW - Myelination
KW - Oligodendrocytes
KW - Radial glia
U2 - 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_2
DO - 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_2
M3 - Book chapter
C2 - 31583583
AN - SCOPUS:85072912540
SN - 978-981-13-9912-1
T3 - Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
SP - 15
EP - 44
BT - Neuroglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases
A2 - Verkhratsky, Alexei
A2 - Ho, Margaret S.
A2 - Zorec, Robert
A2 - Parpura, Vladimir
PB - Springer
ER -
ID: 231242026